Illinois video gaming revenue split. 491. Illinois video gaming revenue split

 
491Illinois video gaming revenue split  Increased Taxes

Limited License. 3% annual increase. The Basics of the Illinois Slot Machine Industry. 16 Illinois Video Gaming Statistics by Fiscal Year 38 17 Video Gaming Statistics by Illinois County 40 18 Video Gaming Statistics per County Population 41. That’s based on an American Gaming Association study produced by The Innovation Group. The revenue figure is a 15. Video Gaming. Section 1800. Board members are tasked with, among other things, reviewing applications for gaming licenses and making approval determinations, as well as renewing and revoking. 8% to $814 million, the report said. e. 71 billion in 2022, a 9. A January 2019 report by ProPublica showed a very different take on VGTs in Illinois, however. 07435% goes to the Location, the same amount goes to the TO, 33% goes to the State and municipality and 0. The issue of a moratorium on video gaming in unincorporated areas of the county even equally split the Lake County Board, with nine. 18 Miscellaneous Gaming Revenue in Illinois 91 . 50%: Iowa: Multiple, mobile and retail: 6. Readily Available. 9 billion going into its coffers. The new gaming legislation led to changes in taxes that are imposed on licensees. Illinois gambling laws encourage video gaming establishments to grow their business with Illinois slot machine revenue. Patrons in McHenry County spend $294M on video gaming Revenue source benefits economy. State of Illinois tax share receives 25%. Education Assistance Fund. video game industry 2017-2023. Illinois RTP is at an all-time low spanning the last decade. Illinois gambling tax revenue fell 13. Illinois bettors wagered over $2 billion at video gaming terminals (VGT) to end the year, helping line the pockets of state coffers. Enjoy your favorite Las Vegas style games, codeta casino online with real money review monthly. Blackjack is a gaming company in the State of Illinois that caters to a wide range of gaming equipment. Get gaming in your establishment the right way. 15% to the venue and terminal operators; • 29% to the state; • 5% to the municipality or county where the video gaming terminal is located; and, • 0. The revenue split is specifically dictated by the Video Gaming Act. 8 million. Most notably, it authorized Illinois sports betting, the addition of six land-based casinos in the state (including a major site in Chicago) and an increase in the number of video gaming terminals. and the final third is split between. If each establishment had the allo If each establishment had the allotted 5 video gaming machines, a potential of 75,000 video gaming machines75,000 video gaming machines could. The tax on gaming establishment revenue has gone up from 30% to 33%. 5 billion at Illinois video gambling machines, according to data from the Illinois Gaming Board. Last updated on: June 22, 2023, 09:56h. A $43 million local industry, to be exact. IGB. 0844. $500 for one year. Illinois’ tax. 4 million in revenue for Q1 2022. The gambling opportunities here are not as abundant as those in states like Nevada, but this hardly impedes the growth of the local industry. The current tax rate imposed on video gaming terminals’ (“VGTs”) net terminal income is 30%. A person may not sell, distribute, or lease or market a video gaming terminal in Illinois unless the person has a valid distributor's license issued under this Act. 5% of net revenue from each gaming terminal in the city. – U. S. Learn more about the Illinois video gaming market and how Accel Entertainment can help your Illinois establishment profit through slot machines. (230 ILCS 40/15) Sec. The top five video gambling operators control nearly 50% of the market, reaping nearly $1 billion in revenue between 2012 and 2018, according to an analysis of gaming board data. For the most part, the increase in gaming machines and… Search Query Show SearchAlong with video gaming machine activity, the state has reported a surge in sports betting during 2022. 37 million in profits. " " Even if the administrative fees had met projections, regulating video gambling has turned out to cost far. Lacking the anticipated revenue from video gaming, Trudy’s Café could not afford to keep the Midlothian and Sauk Village establishments open and had to shut. While video gaming’s total net terminal income levels were down 32. 9 billion, the industry paid about $819 million in taxes, a rate of 42 percent. S. Currently, there are 10 retail casinos in Illinois, and thousands of video gaming terminals (VGTs) at truck stops, bars, etc. Update March 21, 2020: On Friday, March 20, Governor Pritzker announced a "Stay at Home" directive for Illinois beginning Saturday, March 21st at 5 PM until midnight April 7th. Licensed Location: 32. Section 1800. In 2007, when casino revenue peaked at $1. PDF CSV. The remaining 70 percent of the income is split evenly between the business that hosts the video gaming terminals and the terminal. 3 billion (FY 2022). In 2022, gamblers wagered roughly $10. 36 billion for fiscal year 2021, which ended June 30, up 11% from the previous year, according to an annual wagering report. The dwindling casino numbers started to take form in 2012 as video gaming machines and sports betting facilities began to pop up in more spots across the state. Cohen recently ruled. If we look at a snapshot of things year. This. See 230 ILCS 10/5(b)(1). Two-thirds of the amount deposited into the IGLE Fund is appropriated to the Department of Revenue, the Department of the State. Increased Taxes The new gaming legislation led to changes in taxes that are imposed on licensees. The Illinois Gaming Board voted Sept. A portion of the tax is returned to local governments where the tax was collected. Revenue from video gaming entertainment is split between the business/organization, municipality, and. 19 Video Gaming Statistics by County Ranking 41 20 Top Municipalities with Video Gaming 42 21 Highest Populated Cities without Video Gaming 44 Video Gaming Related Charts: 4 Video Gaming Terminals in Operation in Illinois 35 5 Monthly Net Terminal Income from Illinois Video Gaming Machines 37 6 Net Terminal Income Collected from Video Gaming. We’re dedicated to making your gaming venture easy. 57435%. At Stoney’s Restaurant at Voorhees and Collett streets, Michelle Tabels also is ready to see video gaming revenue again. The justification for levying a gross gaming revenue tax on sports betting operators could be appropriate were it in lieu of the corporate income taxA corporate income tax. The rest is split among machine operators, business owners, the state, and the community where the machines are located. National tax revenue from commercial casinos in the United States in 2022, by state (in million U. 59 billion, while adjusted gross receipts for Illinois’ 10 casinos dropped to $1. Nearly two years later, with no ruling yet, he’s still in business. 7. Video Gaming in Illinois Page 7 Riverboat Year in Review 2018 Page 8 Video Gaming Year in Review 2018 Page 12. revenue, with about 65% of the proceeds split between those two. 230 ILCS 10/5(b), 40/78. The law had the following effects: Authorized VGTs at the DuQuoin and Illinois state fairs. video gambling revenue is split four ways: 35 percent. The net terminal income of close to $195. The Illinois Lottery remains king, registering total sales of $3. With video gaming terminals generating nearly $2 billion in revenue, some communities in Illinois are looking to get a bigger. 1 million despite Hard Rock opening its temporary venue in Rockford,. However, municipalities’ cut was 5% then. Video gaming currently represents about 41% of wagering revenue, while lottery makes up nearly 44%. In an attempt to disrupt the market, the Epic Games Store only takes 12%, and independent platform itch. Mọi người cũng hỏi. It will still be a 50/50 split of the balance. In 2021, the state agency proposed stripping the lucrative video gaming license held by Frank Cortese’s company. 6 billion was played on Illinois video gaming machines. The net proceeds from video gaming terminals are divided as follows: • 65. S. Twenty cities with 20,000 people, including Chicago, do not allow video gaming terminals. The Video Gaming Act is amended by changing : 5: Sections 5 and 60 as follows: 6 (230 ILCS 40/5) 7 Sec. Illinois has passed significant gaming expansion legislation. In January 2022, the statewide average player win percentage was 91. 8% to $814. Licensees. 1 VGT background. Fruchter • Administrator 801 South 7th Street ♠ Suite 400 South ♣ Springfield, Illinois 62703 tel 217/524-0226 fax 217/524-0228 March 1, 2022 Governor JB Pritzker Members of the Illinois General Assembly Greetings, And a provision appears in both the Illinois Gambling Act and Video Gaming Act that makes it clear that conflicts in the two Acts are resolved in favor of the Illinois Gambling Act. The Illinois Senate passed the gaming expansion bill June 2, 2019, and sent the legislation to the governor’s desk. 03 Billion. io allows developers to set their own split, with a default cut of 10%. 7@7 video; The Sphere; F1 in Las Vegas; What Are They Hiding? News. This marks the first $60 billion year for the commercial gaming sector, passing the previous record of $53. Watch the latest video reports from the Illinois Gaming Board, covering topics such as casino operations, video gaming revenue, sports wagering and more. The Video Gaming Act was enacted in July , authorizing the placement of up. BELLEVILLE — At Crehan's Irish Pub and Banquet Center in Belleville, the five video gaming terminals brought in more than $196,000 in net income in 2018. Some municipalities may impose a “permit fee” for each Video Gaming Terminal (“VGT”) (Slot Machine) or for your establishment in general. This could bring the total number of video gaming machines in the state to more than 7,000. 4% in FY 2020 due to pandemic shutdown, with casino revenue the hardest hit, according to the state. Since 2012, the village has brought in more than $370,000. Illinois Governor J. Economic Impact $6. There are many similarities between the Georgia COAM market and the Illinois video gaming market. It is comprised of a 15% state gaming tax and a 2. A portion of the tax is returned to local governments where the tax was collected. 90 billion, a 10. 3% annual increase. The Video Gaming Act specifies the percentage splits of the revenue from VGTs. Currently, there are ten casinos operating throughout the State of Illinois. Illinois lawmakers voted to extend in-person betting on in-state college teams until July 1, 2024. Increased Taxes. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 31, 2022. 7276%. 7 AGR of Illinois Casinos vs NTI of Illinois Video Gaming Machines 47 8 AGR of IL and IN Casinos vs NTI of Terminals in Chicago Area 49 9 AGR of IL and IN Casinos vs NTI of Terminals in Chicago Area (Stacked) 49. A history of video gaming statistics since its inception in 2012 is shown in the following table. ORDINANCE NO. Productivity and Business Processes segment earned $63. 2140 New Section 1800. Image 1 of 2. By BRITTANY KEEPERMAN. The bill would hike the state’s 30%. Based on a projected daily income of $70 to $90 per machine, new video gaming receipts would total $3. Additionally, gambling will be permitted at the state’s three existing racetracks and a. 2 billion for the cash-starved state and another $250 million for cities and villages that have allowed video gambling, according to gaming. In 2022, social and casual gaming revenue in the U. Size of circle indicates number of casinos in the area. 17 Video Gaming Statistics by Illinois County 40 18 Video Gaming Statistics per County Population 41 19 Video Gaming Statistics by County Ranking 42. 7 million. commercial gaming revenue reached an annual record of $60. It will reach $376. Every video gaming terminal offered for play shall first be tested and approved pursuant to the rules of the Board, and each video gaming terminal offered in this State for play shall conform to an approved model. Rick Heidner, who owns Gold Rush Gaming, the third largest video gambling machine operator in Illinois, said the tax would significantly tear into the industry's 5% profit margin. 1. (230 ILCS 40/15) Sec. The IGB consists of five Board Members appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. (2) No video gaming terminal licensed under this Act may be played except during the legal hours of operation allowed for the consumption of alcoholic. While state-mandated restrictions – such as the statewide shutdown of video gaming terminals and casinos experienced from March 16 to June 30, 2020, or the current Tier 3 mitigation measures implemented on November 20, 2020 – are devastating to all tiers in the industry, we can find comfort in. The Video Gaming Act stipulates that the revenue from the video gaming terminals is split between the State of Illinois which receives 30%, the licensed establishment which receives 35%, and the terminal operator which receives 35%. 0 billion set in 2021. Video gambling is taxed at a flat rate of 30 percent regardless of how much the industry makes. Watch now: These Illinois municipalities are looking for a bigger cut of video. For the most part, the increase in gaming machines and in revenue across the state has been steady. Get covered with US Legal Forms and get the Illinois Providing facilities for game shows templates you need. Gaming Win by Jurisdiction Page 19 Video Gaming Revenue Page 20 Alton Gaming Company Page 22 Par-A-Dice Gaming Corporation Page 25 Page 28 The Rock Island Boatworks, Inc. What We Strive For. Under the Illinois Video Gaming Act passed in 2012, the operators must split their proceeds evenly with the local businesses. Under the Illinois Gambling Act, the initial Owner’s licence, and any renewal, is valid for a four-year period and subject to a $250,000 renewal fee. AN ACT concerning gaming. 21 to fine Fair Haven Lanes and Gregg's Olde Town Tap $25,000 for alleged video gambling violations. In 2022, 41. Revenue. In terms of revenue, Illinois raked in over $81 million. That would mean a change to the city's current fee structure: Bars and gaming companies split a $500 fee, but onl…This guide details: How Video Gaming Terminal (VGTs) work. IGB. 6 billion was wagered on VGTs in December. Collections from video slot machines posted the biggest gains this year, rising 6. There is a 15% tax rate if you earn $600 or more betting on sports in Illinois. VIDEO GAMING REVENUES: The Illinois Gaming Board provides detailed revenue information for the municipalities os. The Illinois Gaming Board (IGB) reported casino revenue totaling $114. Sports betting in Illinois will soon be permitted at racetracks, large sports stadiums, existing casinos, and online. As a result, the state received $717. 19 Video Gaming Statistics by County Ranking 42 20 Top Municipalities with Video Gaming 43 21 Highest Populated Municipalities without Video Gaming 45 . The revenue from the COAMs is split by law between the location, a Master Licensee (which owns and maintains the COAMs) and the State of Georgia. Beginning on July 1, 2019, an additional 3% tax will be imposed on a VGT’s net terminal income (for a total of 33%). The Act details how the taxes received from the new casinos will be split among the various municipalities – significantly, the tax revenue from the Chicago casino (subject to appropriation) will be applied to the city’s obligation to fund pension payments. Overview Charts: 1 Source of Gaming-Related Revenues in Illinois 1. March represented a new single-month revenue record with a revenue of $5. Prompt. Municipality fees vary from municipality to municipality. Nothing Outsourced. The current tax rate imposed on video gaming terminals’ (“VGTs”) net terminal income is 30%. 6. Get in touch with us now. 9 million to each government for the. Beginning on July 1,. Illinois Gaming Board. When. (The completed affidavit must be emailed to IGB. The Illinois Video Gaming Act was enacted at this time and allows the use of Illinois slot machines in liquor-pouring establishments and truck stops. S. Location License Web Application (for help, see the Location Application FAQs ) Truck Stop and Large Truck Stop Affidavit. Nine of those cities have added more than 80 video gaming terminals since June 2018. Go to Service. 9 million in CY 2014 to $72. Access information about monthly revenue data for Video Gaming statewide, by municipality, or establishment. Video gaming revenue declined by about 23% to $1. Locally, video gaming exists in Lansing and Calumet City. 00. This is. Accel Entertainment provides the latest slot machines in the Illinois video gaming industry and will optimize machine. According to the Illinois Gaming Act, a Illinois video gaming terminal operator provides and maintains video gaming machines for licensed locations. Sometimes you win, sometimes you lose. The municipality where the terminal is located receives 5% of the net terminal income. Jobs Supported 25,784. That’s an average of just 5 machines per site, though we know that number is skewed by the presence of the Hollywood Casino & Hotel. 00 per VGT per year, whereas Orland Park charges an annual fee of $1,000 per. It will still be a 50/50 split of the balance. The COGFA analysis estimates the law allows for between 45,000 and 60,000 new video gaming machines to be operated in Illinois. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report is the Commission’s 2022 edition of Wagering in Illinois. In. In addition, gambling laws allow for a total of 10 Illinois slot. gov. Illinois Gaming Board slammed video gambling company for alleged ties to bookmaker, but it’s still reaping millions. 888-862-2235 (Sales) 888-972-2235 (24/7 Service) In Cook County, 31 municipalities do not allow video gaming, two limit it and 89 allow it, according to the Illinois Gaming Board. Locally, video gaming exists in Lansing and Calumet City. Charitable Games Tax & License Fees. In terms of annual revenue, the video gaming market in the U. machines an “unintended consequence” of Illinois’ video gaming. State gaming revenue and tax totals do include internet(b) Distributor. There was nearly 10% less play in January, with. Education; Politics and Government. AN ACT concerning gaming. Retain the original to be presented to the agent at the site inspection. The tax revenue. Check it out for yourself at the Illinois Gaming Board Video Gaming Revenue Reports page. 6% of total video games and esports revenue. 5 million represented a 9. Similarly, the initial Organisation Gaming licence, and any renewal, is valid for a period of four (4) years. revenue, with about 65% of the proceeds split between those two. At Crehan’s Irish Pub and Banquet Center in Belleville, the five video gaming terminals brought in more than $196,000 in net income in 2018. Licenses and Fees. Rock Island Mayor Dennis Pauley said the. a great way to scale and build extra Illinois gaming revenue for your business!. In December alone, Illinois municipalities that offer video gaming shared $1. 22 billion. The state received $21 million in tax receipts from casino gaming in April and has collected more. Are video games taxable Illinois? In 2019, new gaming legislation increased the state’s VGT revenue split from 25% to 29%. We use a difference-in-differences strategy that adjusts for staggered adoption to isolate the causal effect of VGTs on. Overall, local governments lost a fair chunk of their video gaming revenue thanks to the pandemic closures. 15. The Illinois online sports betting market consistently ranks as the second biggest in the United States and we have the numbers to back that up. The Annual Fee for Each Video Gaming Terminal is $1,500 The Initial One-Time Application Fee is $1,885 State Law Summary The Illinois Video Gaming Act was adopted in 2009. 18 Miscellaneous Gaming Revenue in Illinois 90 . These games have rising levels of difficulty, which raises the consumer's desire to play the game. The gaming market’s worth is predicted to reach $545. Even during 2020, when the world took a pause, VGTs continued to bring in millions of dollars. Local Municipality: 5%. The Administrator concluded by stating that the combined (video gaming, sports wagering and casino) gaming industry total tax revenue for January 1 through December 31, 2021 (exclusive of December sports wagering amounts) is approximately $1. Video gaming at Illinois State Fairs. 2 billion U. The IGB is a state agency composed of five members who are responsible for implementing and enforcing the Illinois Video Gaming Act, 230 ILCS 40/1 et seq. "This is a big win for Scientific Games as Illinois could grow to be the largest video gaming network in the country with the potential for up to 60,000 terminals," said Brennen Lawrence, Vice. Is video gaming allowed in Illinois? As stated in the Illinois Video Gaming Act, Illinois slot machines and other video terminals are now legal in the state as long as the location has the necessary. Updated 08/14/2007. 4 billion in gaming revenue. Page 18 Five Year History Page 19 Summary of Illinois Riverboat Data Page 20 Gaming Win by Jurisdiction Page 21 Video Gaming Revenue Page 22 Video Gaming Top 10 Page 23 Alton Casino, LLC Page 24 Par-A-Dice. From there, it would depend on how much the revenue is taxed. 8bn. While we can’t say exactly how much of an increase in revenue a Missouri establishment will experience by installing video gaming machines, we can reasonably compare it to the Illinois video gaming market. Downers Grove Sets November 2024 Vote On Video Gaming Terminals. 00 paid by the video gaming terminal operator and $250. The Illinois Gaming Board submitted this report to the General Assembly on March 30, 2023 that detailed the effect of removing non-cashable vouchers, coupons, and electronic promotions from the AGR calculation on net gaming revenues to the State in calendar years 2020 through 2022, the increase or reduction in wagerers as a result of removing non. 570 Renewal of License. You can count on Universal Gaming Group to help you increase and maximize your gaming revenue and navigate Illinois gaming regulations. Limit of six terminals per establishment. 16 Billion. This could bring the total number of video gaming machines in the state to more than 7,000. Scientific games receives . (c) Terminal operator. This report is the Commission’s 202 3 edition of Wagering in Illinois. Note: Sports Wagering revenue figures are not due to the Illinois Gaming Board until the last day of the month following the month the revenue was earned. In 2022, gamblers wagered roughly $10. The net proceeds from video gaming terminals are divided as follows: • 65. October 18, 2017 / 12:58 PM / CBS Chicago. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report is the Commission’s 2020 edition of Wagering in Illinois. 3% between 2018 and 2023 to reach almost US$1. That’s a small part of the total global video games and esports market, which is expected to be worth US$162bn in 2023. May 18, 2021. Still, the industry maintained strong growth. Earlier this year, the Illinois Gaming Board (IGB) implemented Administrative Rule 350. recurring tax revenue, which would be split between education, capital, local government distributions and other stated purposes. Illinois’ tax. 07 billion was bet through IL sports betting apps in January. As more gamblers turned to video slots and poker, the state’s cut of gambling profits dropped. That’s not chump change. State and local governments collected more than $900 million in tax revenue from traditional video gaming machines in 2022. And a provision appears in both the Illinois Gambling Act and Video Gaming Act. 2 The Status of Illinois Gaming, Based on Revenue, Gaming Hold, & Per Capita Spending 5 . The revenue split between Location and Terminal Operator and Location will remain the same, however. Under state law, establishments and terminal operators must equally split 67 percent of a machine’s profits, while the remaining one-third goes to state and local taxes. Tap Room is now Illinois’ seventh-largest video gambling operator, providing slot and poker machines to nearly 300 locations, according to an analysis of gaming board data. In addition, the Illinois Gaming Board announced that all video gaming operations will continue to be suspended until at least April 8th. More than $1. Unlike YouTube and Facebook Gaming which split revenue 70/30 in favor of creators, Twitch’s streamers receive a 50/50 cut. , regulates the operation,. Even if no costs are split, a TO must still file a report. Lottery revenue increased 4. 0338; 24/7 Service; NEW TO GAMING? Prompt. You can easily find out revenue information on the Illinois Gaming Board website for your slot machine location, as well as the municipality and statewide data. - Video Gaming Act Illinois Department of Revenue Responsibility Money collected from. 07435% to the establishment and 33. Past research has found that while gambling expenditures are positively correlated with income, they are also regressive in that, as a proportion of individual income, they are negatively correlated with income. 888-862-2235 (Sales) 888-972-2235 (24/7 Service)As route gaming has expanded across the state of Illinois, more and more municipalities have begun to reexamine local ordinances in an effort to take advantage of the benefits gaming brings to local businesses and their communities. Issue 1: Most states tax adjusted casino revenue and use the taxes to fund state and local programs. The story behind the push tax in Illinois. Published by. 65 million, in winnings to players. The state’s cut was previously 25%, but was raised to 29% in 2020 following the signing of an omnibus. Pritzker has signed into law the far-reaching gaming expansion bill passed by the state legislature early in June, paving the way for the roll-out of regulated sports betting. For example, the Criminal Code specifically allows, among a variety of forms of gambling,. There are nearly 24,000 video gaming machines in Illinois, and the amount played over the last few years is in the billions of. An administrative fee of 0. One of the reasons for the decline is the emergence of other forms of gaming which weren’t available to Illinoisans in 2012. 4 million for the month of December, as the gaming discipline generated $290 million in state tax revenue for the 2022 calendar year. More Illinois communities have turned to video gambling machines as a way to generate revenue. Mar 30, 2021. Il gambling laws encourage video gaming establishments to growth their business with Wisconsin slot machinery revenue. In September, these VGTs generated a Net Terminal Income (NTI) of over $236 million resulting in over $80 million of tax revenue, with the state’s share being approximately $68. CONCLUSION 91. Revenue on slot machines in bars, illinois gaming revenue split. 9, there were 28,582 video gaming terminals at 6,403 locations throughout the state, the Illinois Gaming Board reports. The Evolution of Gaming: From Pong to Next-Gen Consoles. BUFFALO, N. Statistics from the Illinois Gaming Board show people in Decatur spent over $175 million on gaming in the. J. Gaming Tax Forms. ILLINOIS GAMING BOARD NOTICE OF ADOPTED AMENDMENTS 1) Heading of the Part: Video Gaming (General) 2) Code Citation: 11 Ill. According to figures released by the Illinois State Gaming Board, over $2. The Illinois Slot Machines Revenue is Split Between: State of Illinois: 29%. ranked second in 2020 (just behind China), generating $36. )8 Video Gaming Terminals in Operation in Illinois per Month 35 9 AGR of Illinois Riverboats vs NTI of Illinois Video Gaming Machines 43 10 AGR of IL and IN Riverboats vs NTI of Video Gaming Machines in Chicago Area 45 11 Tax Revenue from Riverboats and Video Gaming in Illinois 47 HORSE RACING 49 Horse Racing Related. ” These changes will come into effect after June 1, 2023, and streamers will only be affected when it’s time for their. PDF CSV. The Future of Illinois Gaming Companies. Under the Illinois Gambling Act, the initial Owner’s licence, and any renewal, is valid for a four-year period and subject to a $250,000 renewal fee. 00 for each video gaming terminal per license year shall be paid to the city treasurer, and that amount shall be divided with $250. Your terminal operator cannot pay you more than this amount. We also work towards increasing revenue at our locations. 3.